Review for next-to-last CMB test

CMB Review Next to Last Exam
Most of this was not said in the review session. Only Pfeffer and Park were there. These are the notes I use to study. Pray hard. Everything will turn out fine.
Rao’s Review Points
Signal Transduction
1. Strategies in study of signaling pathways.
Briefly know the strategies used in study of signal transduction.

2. To recognize the features and cellular functions of intracellular signal transduction pathways.
Know the mechanisms involved in the conserved commonly existing signaling proteins

3. To understand the mechanism of cyclic AMP pathway of signal transduction.
Know the details of cyclic AMP pathway of signal transduction, including adenylyl cyclase and PKA

4. To understand the role of second messengers derived from phosphoinositide.
The details of signaling pathway involving PLC, PKC and calcium are required.

5. To understand the structure and activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and activation of Ras by RTKs.
Know the mechanism involved in receptor activation and Ras activation

6. To understand the mechanism of activation of MAP kinase pathway.
Mechanism involved in activation of MAP kinase is important

7. To understand some of the features of integration and control of signals in tissues
Cytoskeleton
1. Structure of actin cytoskeleton
Structure of G-actin monomer and F-actin polymer
Polarity of actin filaments
Arrangement of actin filaments into bundles and networks
Cross linking proteins

2. Dynamics of actin polymerization
Different phases of polymerization
Critical concentration
Polarity of polymerization
Effects of toxins on actin dynamics

3. Actin binding proteins (when a name of the protein is given know what it does to microfilaments and how)
Actin polymerizing proteins
Actin severing proteins
Actin capping proteins
Nucleating proteins

4. Myosin-powered cellular movements
Different types of myosins and their structure and function
Movement of myosin heads along filaments

5. Role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction
Contractile apparatus - thick and thin filaments

6. Role of actin and myosin in cell migration
Four different steps in cell migration
Role of actin dynamics in different steps of cell migration
7. Microtubules
Know the similarities and differences between the structure and function of microfilaments and microtubules.

8. The structure of microtubules, which includes:
structure of tubulin subunits
organization of subunits into tubules
polarity of microtubules
microtubule organizing center

9. The dynamics of microtubules assembly and disassembly:
temperature dependence
kinetics of assembly
polarity of assembly
disruption of microtubules by drugs
dynamic instability of microtubules (know how to describe it, but you do not have to know the mechanism of it)

10. Role of microtubules and motor proteins in transport of vesicles:
vesicle transport in axons; role of microtubules, motor proteins and polarity of vesicle movement
microtubule motor proteins – kinesins - structure and function

11. The role of microtubules in the structure and function of mitotic apparatus:
different types of microtubules in mitotic apparatus and their functions
motor proteins in mitotic apparatus
kinetochore and attachment of chromosomes during prophase
stabilization of chromosomes at the equatorial plate of cell during metaphase
microtubules and motor proteins in separation of chromosomes during anaphase

Pfeffer
Pfeffer- questions straightforward. No bizarre answers. Read text and notes. Control of cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. One question per lecture.
Lecture Objectives:
70. Overview of Cell Cycle
To understand:
General Cell Cycle control
Phases of cell cycle
Experimental systems used to study cell cycle
Regeneration potential of different cells
Role of checkpoints
How to determine length of cell cycle and its phases
Mitosis versus meiosis

71. Cell cycle control mechanisms
To understand:
Control of cell cycle in Xenopus laevis
Maturation promoting factor (MPF)
Role of cyclins in cell cycle
Control of cell cycle in yeast
Temperature sensitive mutants
Role of protein phosphorylation
Role of protein degradation

Mitotic index-what % of cells in mitosis. Labelling index- how many of mitotic cells are labelled.

Park
2 questions- one on nuclear receptors- structure function relationships.
Signalling- most emphasis on insulin and cAMP system. Focus on that. Remember CBP-brings in HAT activity./p300, steroid receptor coactivators, TRAP/DRIP/ARC complex, SRC-1
Learning objectives:
Thyroid and Glucocorticoid Receptors
To examine the regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone
and glucocorticoids

common elements of receptor structure will be examined
intracellular localization will be examined
DNA binding properties of the NRs will be discussed
coactivator recruitment will be reviewed
classes of coactivators will be listed
actions of coactivators will be discussed

Common themes will be that the ligand will activate the receptor and increase gene expression

a nuclear localization signal (NLS) may be exposed
ligand binding will induce receptor activation
activated receptors will increase gene expression
activated receptors will recruit coactivators

To examine signaling pathways from the extracellular to the nucleus
Systems to be presented include:
cAMP and CREB activation (chapter 11/Fig 13-32)
Insulin and growth factors (chapter 14)
Cytokines and Jak/Stat (Chapter 14)
TNFalpha and NF-Kß (Chapter 14)
TGFß and Smads (chapter 13)
Steroid hormones and nuclear receptors
Common themes will be that an extracellular signal or ligand will activate a nuclear protein and increase gene expression
a nuclear localization signal (NLS) may be exposed
covalent modification of transcription factor may occur
ligand binding may induce factor activation

Kriwacki

Read and understand the Kirschner and Reed papers he handed out in class.
Understand Mechanisnms of cell cycle control including the cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, inhibitors.
Know how protein degradation pathways regulate the cell cycle.